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Ascomycota, the most speciose phylum of fungi, is a complex entity, comprising three diversesubphyla: Pezizomycotina, Saccharomycotina, and Taphrinomycotina. The largest and most diversesubphylum, Pezizomycotina, is a rich tapestry of 16 classes and 171 orders. Saccharomycotina, thesecond largest subphylum, is a diverse collection of seven classes and 12 orders, whileTaphrinomycotina, the smallest, is a unique assembly of six classes and six orders. Over the pastdecade, numerous taxonomic studies have focused on the generic, family, and class classifications ofAscomycota. These efforts, well-documented across various databases, are crucial for acomprehensive understanding of the classification. However, the study of taxonomy at the ordinallevel, a crucial tier in the taxonomic hierarchy, has been largely overlooked. In a global collaborationwith mycologists and lichenologists, this study presents the first comprehensive information on theorders within Pezizomycotina and Taphrinomycotina. The recent taxonomic classification ofSaccharomycotina has led to the exclusion of this subphylum from the present study, as an immediaterevision is not necessary. Each order is thoroughly discussed, highlighting its historical significance,current status, key identification characteristics, evolutionary relationships, ecological and economicroles, future recommendations, and updated family-level classification. Teaching diagrams for thelife cycles of several orders, viz. Asterinales, Helotiales, Hypocreales, Laboulbeniales, Meliolales,Mycosphaerellales, Ophiostomatales, Pezizales, Pleosporales, Phyllachorales, Rhytismatales,Sordariales, Venturiales, Xylariales (Pezizomycotina) and Pneumocystidales,Schizosaccharomycetales and Taphrinales (Taphrinomycotina) are provided. Each diagram is explained with a representative genus/genera of their sexual and asexual cycles of each order. WithinPezizomycotina, Dothideomycetes contains the highest number of orders, with 57, followed bySordariomycetes (52 orders), Lecanoromycetes (21 orders), Eurotiomycetes and Leotiomycetes (12orders each), Laboulbeniomycetes (3 orders), and Arthoniomycetes and Xylonomycetes (2 orderseach). Candelariomycetes, Coniocybomycetes, Geoglossomycetes, Lichinomycetes, Orbiliomycetes,Pezizomycetes, Sareomycetes, and Xylobotryomycetes each contain a single order, whileThelocarpales and Vezdaeales are treated as incertae sedis within Pezizomycotina. Notably, theclasses Candelariomycetes, Coniocybomycetes, Geoglossomycetes, Sareomycetes, andXylonomycetes, all recently grouped under Lichinomycetes, are treated as separate classes based onphylogenetic analysis and current literature. Within Lecanoromycetes, the synonymization ofSporastatiales with Rhizocarpales and Sarrameanales with Schaereriales is not supported in thephylogenetic analysis. These orders are retained separately, and the justifications are provided undereach section as well as in the discussion. Within Leotiomycetes, the order Medeolariales, which wasonce considered part of Helotiales, is treated as a distinct order based on phylogenetic evidence. Theclassification of Medeolariales may change as more data becomes available from different generegions. Lahmiales (Leotiomycetes) is not included in the phylogenetic analysis due to a lack ofmolecular data. Sareomycetes and Xylonomycetes are treated as separate classes. Spathulosporamixed with Lulworthiales and the inclusion of Spathulosporales within Lulworthiomycetidae issupported and extant molecular sampling is important to resolve the phylogenetic boundaries ofmembers of this subclass. The majority of the classes of Pezizomycotina and Taphrinomycotinaformed monophyletic clades in the phylogenetic analysis conducted based on SSU, LSU, 5.8S, TEFand RPB2 sequence data. However, Arthoniomycetes nested with the basal lineage ofDothideomycetes and formed a monophyletic clade also known as the superclass, Dothideomyceta.In Taphrinomycotina, a single order is accepted within each class. 

We constructed the magnetic field-temperature phase diagrams of new quasi-two-dimensional isosceles triangular lattice antiferromagnets (TLAF) Ca 3 MNb 2 O 9 (M=Co, Ni) from dc and ac magnetic susceptibilities, specific heat, dielectric constant, and electric polarization measurements on single crystalline samples. Ca 3 CoNb 2 O 9 with effective spin-1/2 Co 2+ ions undergoes a two-step antiferromagnetic phase transition at T N1 = 1.3 K and T N2 = 1.5 K and enters a stripe ordered state at zero magnetic field. With increasing field, successive magnetic phase transitions, reminiscent of the up-up-down ( uud ) and the oblique phases, are observed. The dielectric constant of Ca 3 CoNb 2 O 9 shows anomalies related to the magnetic phase transitions, but clear evidence of ferroelectricity is absent. Meanwhile, Ca 3 NiNb 2 O 9 with spin-1 Ni 2+ ions also shows a two-step antiferromagnetic transition at T N1 = 3.8 K and T N2 = 4.2 K at zero field. For Ca 3 NiNb 2 O 9 , the electric polarization in the magnetic ordered phases was clearly observed from the pyroelectric current measurements, which indicates its coexistence of magnetic ordering and ferroelectricity.